Device identification for multiple device IDs

ABSTRACT

An electronic system may be configured to determine if a first-type device ID and a second-type device ID both identify a same device. To do so, the electronic system may preliminarily group a particular first-type ID with a particular second-type ID based on matching time slots and network addresses. Individual scores for each of the preliminary groups may be determined based on cardinalities associated with the time slots. Combined scores may then be determined for groups having the same first-type device ID and second-type device ID. A final analysis may be performed to confirm, with a sufficient level of confidence, whether first-type device IDs and second-type device IDs included in the preliminary groups identify the same device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 15/215,090, filed on Jul. 20, 2016, entitled“DEVICE IDENTIFICATION FOR MULTIPLE DEVICE IDS”, which is incorporatedherein.

BACKGROUND

Technological advancements in mobile computing devices have changed theway people use computers and access the Internet. It is no longercommonplace for a typical user to have only a primary home computer andpossibly a work computer. Instead, the typical user uses multiplecomputing devices, one of which is often a mobile or handheld devicesuch as a smartphone or a tablet computer. With respect toInternet-based advertising, the use of multiple devices by a single usermeans that Internet-based advertisers cannot maximize personalizedadvertising performance by simply using a single browser cookie as areasonable proxy for a user. Rather, in order to build comprehensive andrich user profiles, Internet-based advertisers need to look at useractivity across several devices. In addition, there are increasinglyfewer opportunities to identify users and track user activity throughlogins since a user's need to constantly login to a personal account inorder to access information has decreased, especially for mobile devicesand mobile applications running on mobile devices.

Since computing devices are increasingly used by a single user and notshared among several users, identifying a particular physical device forpurposes of Internet-based advertising may be desirable. The task thenbecomes how to identify a physical device. Identifying physical devicesthrough a network address, such as an Internet Protocol (IP) address,may not be desirable since multiple devices used by different users maybe connected to the same network or otherwise have the same IP address.

One way to identify users is through device identifiers (IDs) that areintegrated with web browsers and applications (e.g., mobileapplications). However, currently, web browsers and applications usedifferent device ID types or formats. As a result, a web browser and anapplication running on the same physical device provide different deviceIDs when accessing the Internet. Consequently, tracking systems thattrack device IDs in order to monitor user activity do not know if deviceIDs of different types belong to the same physical device or differentphysical devices. In turn, profile builders that build user profiles maycreate multiple, unassociated user profiles instead of one combinedprofile for a single device. Additionally, Internet-based advertisers orother users of the user profiles may miss opportunities to leveragealready-learned information about a user because different device IDsfor the same device were not linked together. As such, ways to assess oridentify whether different-type device IDs belong to the same physicaldevice may be desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The systems and methods may be better understood with reference to thefollowing drawings and description. Non-limiting and non-exhaustiveexamples are described with reference to the following drawings. Thecomponents in the drawings are not necessarily to scale; emphasisinstead is being placed upon illustrating the principles of the system.In the drawings, like referenced numerals designate corresponding partsthroughout the different views.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example electronic system that mayutilize a device linking system that identifies two device IDs asidentifying the same user device.

FIG. 2 illustrates displayed content items (which includes ad items) ofexample screens rendered by client-side applications.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of components of the electronic systeminvolved in transmitting and collecting device IDs.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of components of the device linking system ofFIG. 1 coupled to a device ID database and a device ID group database.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of components of the electronic system of FIG.1 involved in managing user profiles based on linking performed by thedevice linking system and selecting and transmitting advertisementsbased on the user profiles.

FIG. 6 is block diagram of a system that counts visitors based on thedevice ID group database.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an example method of assessing whether afirst-type device ID and a second-type device ID identify a same userdevice.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an example method of managing user profiles.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of another example method of managing userprofiles.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of an example method of transmittingadvertisements for display on a user device.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an example method of counting a total numberof different visitors to a network location.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of an example method of counting a number oftimes a visitor has visited a network location.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Subject matter will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, andwhich show, by way of illustration, specific examples. Subject mattermay, however, be embodied in a variety of different forms and,therefore, covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construedas not being limited to examples set forth herein; examples are providedmerely to be illustrative. Likewise, a reasonably broad scope forclaimed or covered subject matter is intended. Among other things, forexample, subject matter may be embodied as methods, devices, components,or systems. The following detailed description is not intended to belimiting on the scope of what is claimed.

Aspects of systems and operations, described herein, labeled as “first”,“second”, “third”, and so on, should not necessarily be interpreted tohave chronological associations with each other. In other words, suchlabels are used to merely distinguish aspects of the systems andoperations described herein, unless the context of their use implies orexpresses chronological associations.

Overview

By way of introduction, the below embodiments relate to a system thatassesses whether device identifications (IDs) of different typesidentify the same device. Based on the assessments, certaincomputer-implemented processes can be improved, such as user profilemanagement, network-based content serving, and visitor count management.In one embodiment, an electronic system incldes a memory comprising adevice identification (ID) group database, and a controller. Thecontroller is configured to: preliminarily determine that a first-typedevice ID and a second-type device ID identify a same device; group thefirst-type device ID and the second-type device ID into a device IDgroup in response to the preliminary identification; calculate a scorefor the device ID group; confirm that the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID both identify the same device based on the score;and store the first-type device ID and the second-type device ID aslinked together in the device ID group database in response to theconfirmation.

In some embodiments, the controller is configured to identify that thefirst-type device ID and the second-type device ID are both associatedwith a same network address in order to preliminarily identify that thefirst-type device ID and the second-type device ID identify the samedevice.

In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to identifythat the first-type device ID and the second-type device ID are bothassociated with a same time slot in order to preliminary identify thatthe first-type device ID and the second-type device ID identify the samedevice.

In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to determine aplurality of initial scores for the device ID group. Each of theplurality of initial scores is determined for a corresponding one of aplurality of time slots in which the device ID group occurs. Thecontroller also determines a final score based on the plurality ofinitial scores.

In some embodiments, the controller is configured to calculate asummation of a plurality of initial scores to determine a final score.

In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to, in orderto determine a final score: calculate a plurality of logarithmic values,each based on one of the plurality of initial scores, and sum togetherthe plurality of logarithmic values. In some of these embodiments, theplurality of logarithmic values are each further based on a weightingfactor corresponding to a time slot of a respective one of the pluralityof initial scores.

In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to determinefirst cardinalities of first-type IDs and second cardinalities ofsecond-type IDs. Each of the first cardinalities and each of the secondcardinalities correspond to one of the plurality of time slots. Thecontroller is also configured to calculate the plurality of initialscores based on the first cardinalities and the second cardinalities.

In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to, inresponse to the confirmation that the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID both identify the same device, link thesecond-type device ID with a user profile of a user of the same device,where the user profile was already linked to the first-type device IDprior to the confirmation. In some of these embodiments, after thelinking, the controller is further configured to, in response to receiptof user information associated with the second-type device ID: identifythe user information as being associated with the user, and add the userinformation to the user profile.

In some embodiments, the user profile comprises a first user profile,and the controller is further configured to combine a second userprofile associated with the second-type device ID with the first userprofile to form an aggregated user profile for the user of the samedevice in response to the linking.

In some embodiments, a content server is configured to: after thelinking, receive a content request identifying user informationassociated with the second-type device ID, and select content forsending to the same device, where the selection is based on userinformation that was initially added to the user profile prior to thelinking.

In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to receivevisitor information indicating a user visited a network location, thevisitor information identifying one of the first-type device ID or thesecond-type device ID, in response to receipt of the visitorinformation, apply the first-type device ID or the second-type device IDincluded in the visitor information to the device ID group database, andupdate a visitor count based on the link between the first-type deviceID and the second-type device ID in the device ID group database.

In some embodiments, the first-type ID is associated with one of a webbrowser or an application, and the second-type ID is associated with theother of the web browser or the application, each of the web browser andthe application being configured to run on the same device.

In another embodiment, a method of using device identifications ofdifferent types is performed. The method includes: forming, with acontroller, a plurality of device identification (ID) groups, each ofthe device ID groups including a same first-type device ID and a samesecond-type device ID as each other, each of the plurality device IDgroups being associated with one of a plurality of time slots within apredetermined time period; calculating, with the controller, a combinedscore based on individual scores for the plurality of device ID groups;determining, with the controller, that the same first-type device ID andthe same second-type device ID identify a same device based on thecombined score; and linking, with the controller, the same first-typedevice ID with the same second-type device ID in a memory comprising adevice ID group database.

In some embodiments, the method includes: forming, with the controller,one of the plurality of device ID groups in response to identifying,with the controller, that the same first-type device ID and the samesecond-type device ID are both associated with a same network addressand a same time slot.

In some embodiments, the method includes: calculating, with thecontroller, first cardinalities of first-type device IDs and secondcardinalities of second-type device IDs, each of the first cardinalitiesand each of the second cardinalities corresponding to one of theplurality of time slots within the predetermined time period; andcalculating, with the controller, the individual scores based on thefirst cardinalities and the second cardinalities.

In some embodiments, calculating the combined score comprises: summing,with the controller, the individual scores or logarithmic values basedon the individual scores.

In some embodiments, the method includes: serving, with a contentserver, selected content based on user information included in a userprofile associated the same first-type device ID and the samesecond-type device ID.

In another embodiment, a non-transitory computer readable storage mediumincludes instructions executable by a computer processor. Theinstructions include: instructions to group a first-type device ID andthe second-type device ID into a device ID group based on one or morecriteria; instructions to calculate a score for the device ID group;instructions to determine that the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID identify a same device based on the score; andinstructions to store the first-type device ID and the second-typedevice ID as linked together in a device ID group database in responseto the confirmation.

Other embodiments are possible, and each of the embodiments can be usedalone or together in combination. Accordingly, various embodiments willnow be described with reference to the attached drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example electronic system 100that includes example devices of a network that can communicativelycouple with an example device identification (ID) linking system thatdetermines whether to identify device IDs of different types asbelonging to the same user device. The example electronic system 100 inthe example of FIG. 1 includes publisher servers 102, publisherdatabases 104, ad servers 106, ad databases 108, user devices 110, andan exchange auction server 112. The servers and databases can becommunicatively coupled over a network 122, which may be a computernetwork. The aforementioned may each be one or more server computers.

In the information system 100, the publisher servers 102 may providecontent (also referred to as medium or electronic property) that a userdevice 110 wants to access and/or retrieve. Non-limiting examples ofcontent include a website, a webpage, web-based search results providedby a search engine, a software application (app), a video game, ore-mail. Example publisher servers may include a content server or asearch engine server. By providing the content, the publisher servers102 may generate advertising inventory, which may be a supply ofopportunities to display advertising in, along with, or through theprovided content. The publisher server 102 may offer to sell itsadvertising inventory and/or send requests to submit offers or bids tobuy its advertising inventory. When advertising inventory is purchased,the purchaser may obtain one or more ad impressions. Each ad impressionmay be a display of an advertisement (ad) with a user device 110.

A publisher server 102 may access content data or other informationdefining and/or associated with the content it provides either from apublisher database 104 or from another location accessible over thenetwork 122. The publisher server 102 may communicate the content datato other devices over the network 122. Additionally, the publisherserver 102 may provide a publisher front end to simplify the process ofaccessing the content data. The publisher front end may be a program,application or software routine that forms a user interface. In aparticular example, the publisher front end is accessible as a websitewith electronic properties that an accessing publisher may view on apublisher device. The publisher may view and edit content data using thepublisher front end.

The publisher server 102 may include logic and data operative to formatthe content data for communication to a user device. The content datamay be formatted to a content item that may be included in a stream ofcontent items provided to a user device 110. The formatted content itemscan be specified by appearance, size, shape, text formatting, graphicsformatting and included information, which may be standardized toprovide a consistent look for content items in the stream.

The user devices 110 may be any computing device capable of sending orreceiving signals, such as via a wired connection and/or wirelessly,over the network 122. Non-limiting example user devices may include adesktop computer, a laptop computer, a smartphone, or a tablet computer,as shown in FIG. 1. The user devices 110 may vary in terms ofcapabilities or features. In addition, the user devices 110 may includeor may execute a variety of operating systems, including a personalcomputer operating system, such as a WINDOWS, MAC OS X OR LINUX, or amobile operating system, such as 10S, ANDROID, or WINDOWS MOBILE, or thelike. The user devices 110 may include or may execute a variety ofpossible applications, such as a client software application enablingcommunication with other devices, such as communicating messages, suchas via email, short message service (SMS), or multimedia message service(MMS), including via a network, such as a social network, including, forexample, FACEBOOK, LINKEDIN, TWITTER, FLICKR, or GOOGLE+, to provideonly a few possible examples. The user devices 110 may also include orexecute an application to communicate content, such as, for example,textual content, multimedia content, or the like. A user device 110 mayalso include or execute an application to perform a variety of possibletasks, such as browsing, searching, playing various forms of content,including locally or remotely stored or streamed video, or games.

Additionally, a user device 110 may be configured to present onlinecontent items and online advertisements to a user of the user device110. During operation, a user of a user device 110 may search for andobtain content from sources over the network 122, such as obtainingcontent from a publisher server 102, an ad server 106, or an exchangeauction server 112. Advertisers may provide content items for placementon online properties, such as web pages, and other communications sentover the network 122 to the user devices 110.

The ad server 106 may be one or more servers. Alternatively, the adserver 106 may be a computer program, instructions, and/or software codestored on a computer-readable storage medium that runs on one or moreprocessors of one or more servers. The ad server 106 may operate toserve advertisements (ads) to the user devices 110 for display orreception of the ads by the user devices 110. An advertisement mayinclude data of a variety of different types, such as text data, graphicdata, image data, video data, or audio data. The advertisement data mayalso include data defining content item information that may be ofinterest to a user of a user device 110. An advertisement may furtherinclude data defining links to other online properties reachable throughthe network 122.

The ad server 106 may include logic and data operative to format theadvertisement data for communication to a user device 110. Theadvertisement data may be formatted for inclusion in a stream of contentitems and advertising items provided to a user device 110. The formatteditems can be specified by appearance, size, shape, text formatting,graphics formatting and included information, which may be standardizedto provide a consistent look for items in the stream. The ad server 106may be in data communication with the ad database 108. The ad database108 may store information, including data defining advertisements and/oradvertisement creatives, to be served to the user devices 110. Thisadvertisement data may be stored in the ad database 108 by the ad server106 or by another data processing device.

Further, the ad server 106 may be in data communication with the network122. The ad server 106 may communicate advertisement data and otherinformation associated with advertisements to devices over the network122. This advertisement data and other information may be communicatedto a user device 110, such as using the ad server 106 or anotheradvertiser device being operated by an advertiser. An advertiseroperating an advertiser device may access the ad server 106 over thenetwork 122 to access the advertisement data or other information. Thisaccess may include developing creatives, adding advertisement data, ordeleting advertisement data, as non-limiting examples. The ad server 106may then provide the advertisement data to other network devices orservers in the system 100.

The ad server 106 may provide an advertiser front end to simplify theprocess of accessing the advertising data of an advertiser. Theadvertiser front end may be a program, application or software routinethat forms a user interface. In one particular example, the advertiserfront end is accessible as a website with electronic properties that anaccessing advertiser may view on the advertiser device. The advertisermay view and edit advertising data using the advertiser front end. Afterediting the advertising data, the advertising data may then be saved tothe ad database 108 for subsequent communications to a user device 110.The advertiser front end may also provide a graphical user interface forsimulating campaigns according to operations performed by the enhancedtargeting server 116 and/or the AR lift server 130.

In addition to communicating advertisements over the network 122, the adservers 106 may determine whether to purchase advertisement inventoryand for how much. The publisher servers 102 and the ad servers 106 mayparticipate in an auction-based marketplace in which the publisherservers 102 may serve requests (herein referred to as ad requests) foroffers to buy advertisement inventory. In response, the ad servers 106may submit bids to buy the inventory when they so choose. The bids maybe submitted in a real-time bidding (RTB) format, and the ad servers 106may be operating in the auction-based marketplace under the directcontrol of the advertiser, or alternatively as a representative or proxyof the advertisement, such as a demand-side platform (DSP) for example.

The auction-based market place may be conducted through the exchangeauction server 112. Rather than the publisher servers 102 sending the adrequests, the exchange auction server 112 may be the network entity inthe system 100 sending the ad requests. The sending of an ad request maybe initiated when the opportunity of an ad impression occurs, such aswhen a user device 110 accesses certain content provided by a publisherserver 102. For example, the user device 110 may navigate to a websiteor access a webpage, thus creating an opportunity for an advertisementto be displayed. The exchange auction server 112 may then send an adrequest to the ad servers 106, requesting bids to purchase an adimpression for the content creating the opportunity. The ad servers 106may determine whether they want to bid, and if they do so, may send bidsto the exchange auction server 112 with their bid amounts. The exchangeauction server 112 may then determine the winning bid among thesubmitted bids, and have the advertisement associated with the winningbid displayed on a user device 110 in conjunction with the content thatcreated the opportunity in the first place.

The aforementioned servers and databases may be implemented through acomputing device. A computing device may be capable of sending orreceiving signals, such as via a wired or wireless network, or may becapable of processing or storing signals, such as in memory as physicalmemory states, and may, therefore, operate as a server. Thus, devicescapable of operating as a server may include, as examples, dedicatedrack-mounted servers, desktop computers, laptop computers, set topboxes, integrated devices combining various features, such as two ormore features of the foregoing devices, or the like.

Servers may vary widely in configuration or capabilities, but generally,a server may include a central processing unit and memory. A server mayalso include a mass storage device, a power supply, wired and wirelessnetwork interfaces, input/output interfaces, and/or an operating system,such as WINDOWS SERVER, MAC OS X, UNIX, LINUX, FREEBSD, or the like.

The aforementioned servers and databases may be implemented as onlineserver systems or may be in communication with online server systems. Anonline server system may include a device that includes a configurationto provide data via a network to another device including in response toreceived requests for page views or other forms of content delivery. Anonline server system may, for example, host a site, such as a socialnetworking site, examples of which may include FLICKER, TWITTER,FACEBOOK, LINKEDIN, or a personal user site (such as a blog, vlog,online dating site, etc.). An online server system may also host avariety of other sites, including business sites, educational sites,dictionary sites, encyclopedia sites, wikis, financial sites, governmentsites, etc.

An online server system may further provide a variety of services thatmay include web services, third-party services, audio services, videoservices, email services, instant messaging (IM) services, SMS services,MMS services, FTP services, voice over IP (VOID) services, calendaringservices, photo services, or the like. Examples of content may includetext, images, audio, video, or the like, which may be processed in theform of physical signals, such as electrical signals, for example, ormay be stored in memory, as physical states, for example. Examples ofdevices that may operate as an online server system include desktopcomputers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-type or programmableconsumer electronics, etc. The online server system may or may not beunder common ownership or control with the servers and databasesdescribed herein.

The network 122 may include a data communication network or acombination of networks. A network may couple devices so thatcommunications may be exchanged, such as between a server and a clientdevice or other types of devices, including between wireless devicescoupled via a wireless network, for example. A network may also includemass storage, such as a network attached storage (NAS), a storage areanetwork (SAN), or other forms of computer or machine readable media, forexample. A network may include the Internet, local area networks (LANs),wide area networks (WANs), wire-line type connections, wireless typeconnections, or any combination thereof. Likewise, sub-networks thatemploy differing architectures or that are compliant or compatible withdiffering protocols may intemperate within a larger network, such as thenetwork 122.

Various types of devices may be made available to provide aninteroperable capability for differing architectures or protocols. Forexample, a router may provide a link between otherwise separate andindependent LANs. A communication link or channel may include, forexample, analog telephone lines, such as a twisted wire pair, a coaxialcable, full or fractional digital lines including T1, T2, T3, or T4 typelines, Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs), Digital SubscriberLines (DSLs), wireless links, including satellite links, or othercommunication links or channels, such as may be known to those skilledin the art. Furthermore, a computing device or other related electronicdevices may be remotely coupled to a network, such as via a telephoneline or link, for example.

Also, the described methods and systems may be implemented at leastpartially in a cloud-computing environment, at least partially in aserver, at least partially in a client device, or in a combinationthereof.

The electronic system 100 may also include an analytics server 114 incommunication with a device ID database 116. The analytics server 114may be configured to track device IDs and related information associatedwith user devices 110 when user devices 110 send requests for contentdata over the network 122. The analytics server 114 may store thetracked device IDs and related information in the device ID database116. The electronic system 100 may further include a device ID linkingsystem 118 in communication with a device ID group database 120. Thedevice ID linking system 118 may be configured to group together deviceIDs of different types that it determines belong to and/or identify asame user device 110. The device ID linking system 118 may store deviceID groups in the device ID group database 120. The analytics server 114,the device ID database 116, the device ID linking system 118, and thedevice ID group database 120 are described in further detail below.

FIG. 2 illustrates displayed content items (including ad items) ofexample screens rendered by client-side applications of the user devices110. The content items displayed may be provided by the publisherservers 102 and the ad servers 106. In FIG. 2, a display ad 202 isillustrated as displayed on a variety of displays including a mobile webdevice display 204, a mobile application display 206 and a personalcomputer display 208. The mobile web device display 204 and the mobileapplication display 206 may be shown on the display screen of a mobileuser device 110, such as a smartphone or a tablet. The personal computerdisplay 208 may be displayed on the display screen of a user device 110that is a personal computer (PC), such as a desktop computer or a laptopcomputer.

The display ad 202 shown in FIG. 2 may be formatted for display on auser device 110, but not as part of a stream, in order to illustrate anexample of the contents of such a display ad. The display ad 202 mayinclude text 212 and/or graphic images 214 within a defined boundary216. The display ad 202 can be developed by an advertiser for placementon an electronic property, such as a web page or an application, andsent to a user device 110 operated by a user. The display ad 202 may beplaced in a wide variety of locations on the electronic property. Thedefined boundary 216 and the shape of the display ad can be matched to aspace available on an electronic property. If the space available hasthe wrong shape or size, the display ad 202 may not be useable.

In these examples, the display ad is shown as a part of streams 224 a,224 b, and 224 c. The streams 224 a, 224 b, and 224 c include a sequenceof items displayed, one item after another, for example, down anelectronic property viewed on the mobile web device display 204, themobile application display 206 and the personal computer display 208.The streams 224 a, 224 b, and 224 c may include various types of items.In the illustrated example, the streams 224 a, 224 b, and 224 c includecontent items and advertising items. For example, stream 224 a includescontent items 226 a and 228 a along with advertising item 222 a; stream224 b includes content items 226 b, 228 b, 230 b, 232 b, 234 b andadvertising item 222 b; and stream 224 c includes content items 226 c,228 c, 230 c, 232 c and 234 c and advertising item 222 c. With respectto FIG. 2, the content items can be items published by non-advertisers,e.g., the publisher servers 102 (FIG. 1). These content items mayinclude advertising components. Each of the streams 224 a, 224 b, and224 c may include a number of content items and advertising items.

The content items positioned in any of streams 224 a, 224 b, and 224 cmay include news items, business-related items, sports-related items,etc. Further, in addition to textual or graphical content, the contentitems of a stream may include other data as well, such as audio andvideo data or applications. Content items may include text, graphics,other data, and a link to additional information. Clicking or otherwiseselecting the link may re-direct the application (e.g., browser) on theuser device 110 to an electronic property referred to as a landing pagethat contains the additional information. While the example streams 224a, 224 b, and 224 c are shown with a visible advertising item 222 a, 222b, and 222 c, respectively, a number of advertising items may beincluded in a stream of items. Also, the advertising items may beslotted within the content, such as slotted the same for all users orslotted based on personalization or grouping, such as grouping byaudience members or content. Adjustments of the slotting may beaccording to various dimensions and algorithms. Also, slotting may beaccording to campaign control.

FIG. 3 shows components of the electronic system 100 that may beinvolved in the tracking and/or collection of device IDs and relatedinformation. In general, a user device 110 may be configured to transmita request for information over the 110. Any type of information may bepossible, non-limiting examples of which may include a webpage, email,information to be displayed in an application such as news-relatedinformation or sports-related information. The user device 110 mayinclude two modules to generate the information requests, including aweb browser module 302 configured to execute one or more web browsers,and an application module 304 configured to execute one or more non-webbrowser applications.

As used herein, a module or sub-module may be hardware or a combinationof hardware and software. For example, each module may include anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmablegate array (FPGA), a circuit or circuitry, a digital logic circuit, ananalog circuit, a combination of discrete circuits, gates, or any othertype of hardware or combination thereof. In addition or alternatively,each module or sub-module may be or may be a component of a controlleror control circuitry. In addition or alternatively, each module mayinclude memory hardware that comprises instructions executable with aprocessor or processor circuitry to implement one or more of thefeatures of the module. When any one of the module includes the portionof the memory that comprises instructions executable with the processor,the module may or may not include the processor. In some examples, eachmodule may just be the portion of the memory or other non-transitorycomputer readable medium that comprises instructions executable with orby the processor to implement the features of the corresponding modulewithout the module including any other hardware. Because each moduleincludes at least some hardware even when the included hardwarecomprises software, each module may be interchangeably referred to as ahardware module.

Additionally, as used herein, the term database refers to a combinationof data or a certain organized collection of data and the hardwarestorage that is storing the data or data collection. The hardwarestorage may include volatile memory, non-volatile memory, a combinationthereof, or other type of non-transitory computer readable medium.Accordingly, the term database may be interchangeably referred to as ahardware database.

When the web browser module 302 generates an information request, such arequest may identify the information being requested, as well asinformation associated with the user device 110 and time information,such as a time stamp (TS), indicative of when the information requestwas generated and/or sent from the user device 110. Informationassociated with the user device 110 may include a network address (e.g.,an Internet Protocol (IP) address), a first-type device ID, informationidentifying the operating system (OS) that the user device 110 is using,and optionally information identifying the version of the operatingsystem and/or information identifying a device model of the user device110. Other information associated with the user device 110 may bepossible. Also, in some example configurations, the first-type device IDmay identify a type or name of the web browser being executed by the webbrowser module 302 (e.g., Firefox, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge,Google Chrome, Operate, Safari, etc.). Additionally, all or at leastsome of the information may be included in and/or in the form of acookie, although other implementations may be possible.

Similarly, when the application module 302 generates an informationrequest, such a request may identify the information being requested, aswell as information associated with the user device 110 and timeinformation. Information associated with the user device 110 may includea network address (e.g., an Internet Protocol (IP) address), asecond-type device ID, information identifying the operating system (OS)that the user device 110 is using, and optionally informationidentifying the version of the operating system and/or informationidentifying a device model of the user device 110. Other informationassociated with the user device 110 may be possible. Also, in someexample configurations, the second-type device ID may be an advertisingID formatted according to the operating system being used by the userdevice 110. As examples, the advertising ID may be an ID for Advertisers(IDFA) where the user device 110 is running on iOS, or may be a GooglePlay Store Advertising ID (GPSAID) where the user device 110 is runningon Android.

An information request (either generated with the web browser module 302or the application module 304) may be sent from the user device 110,communicated over the network 122, and received with a publisher server102 (e.g., a web server), which may respond to the request bytransmitting the requested information back to the user device 110 overthe network 122.

In addition to the publisher server 102 handling the request, theanalytics server 114, which may include one or more computing devices,may track and/or collect the information associated with the user device110 and the time information. The analytics server 114 may further beconfigured to store the collected information in the device ID database116. FIG. 3 shows an example first entry 306 in the device ID database116 corresponding to an information request originating from the webbrowser module 302 as including an IP address (or other networkaddress), a first-type device ID, a time stamp (TS), an operating system(OS), an OS version, and a device model. Additionally, an example secondentry 308 in the device ID database 116 corresponding to an informationrequest originating from the application module 304 may include an IPaddress (or other network address), a second-type device ID, a timestamp (TS), an operating system (OS), an OS version, and a device model.In other examples of the first entry 306 and/or the second entry 308,less information may be included. For example, the OS, the OS versionand/or the device model may not be included and/or may not be expresslyindicated in the first entry 306 and/or the second entry 308. In otherexamples more or alternative information may be included.

Although FIG. 3 shows only a single user device 110 sending informationrequests over the network 122, multiple user devices 110, each includinga web browser module and an application module, may be in communicationwith the network 122 and configured to send information requests over agiven time period (e.g., hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc.). Theanalytics server 114 may collect the various first-type device IDs andthe second-type device IDs and related information for the various userdevices 110 sending information requests over the network 122, and storethe information in the device ID database 116.

The entries in the device ID database 116 may not expressly include aunique identifier that uniquely identifies a single physical user device110 that is common between entries corresponding to information requestsoriginating with web browser modules and information requestsoriginating with application modules. In other words, there may not beinformation in the entries of the device ID database 116 that expresslyidentifies whether a given first-type device ID and a given second-typedevice ID identify and/or belong to the same user device 110 ordifferent user devices 110.

FIG. 4 shows components of the device ID linking system 118 that areused to assess whether a given first-type device ID and a givensecond-type device ID belong to a same user device 110. The componentsof the device ID linking system 118 may include a preliminary device IDgroup generation module 402 that is configured to generate preliminarydevice ID groups or groupings, with each preliminary device ID groupincluding a first-type device ID and a second-type device ID. Thegeneration of the preliminary device ID groups may be indicative of apreliminary determination made by the preliminary device ID groupgeneration module 402 that a given first-type device ID and a givensecond-type device ID grouped together identify and/or belong to thesame user device 110. The device ID linking system 118 may furtherinclude a scoring module 404 that is configured to generate a score foreach of the preliminary device ID groups. The device ID linking system118 may also include a threshold module 406 that is configured todetermine, for each of the preliminary device ID groups, whether afirst-type device ID and a second-type device ID of a particularpreliminary device ID group qualify as identifying and/or belonging to asame user device 110 based on the score associated with that particularpreliminary device ID group. Otherwise stated, the threshold module 406may be configured to confirm whether the preliminary determinations madeby the preliminary device ID group generation module 402 are correct ornot based on the scoring performed by the scoring module 404. If aparticular preliminary device ID group qualifies, then the thresholdmodule 406 may consider that particular preliminary device ID group as aqualifying device ID group and store the qualifying device ID group,including the associated first-type device ID and the second-type deviceID, in the device ID group database 120.

In further detail, in one example configuration shown in FIG. 4, theinitial device ID group generation sub-module 402 may include an initialdevice ID group formation sub-module 408 and a device ID group filteringsub-module 410. The initial device ID group formation sub-module 408 maybe configured to access the device ID database 116 and analyze theentries in the device ID database 116 to form or generate one or morepreliminary device ID groups. The initial device ID group formationsub-module 408 may apply one or more criteria to determine whether agiven first-type device ID in the device ID database 116 is to begrouped with a given second-type device ID in the device ID database116. In particular, the initial device ID group formation sub-module 408may determine to group a given first-type device ID with a givensecond-type device ID to form a preliminary device ID group if they areassociated with a same network address (e.g., IP address) and a sametime slot (e.g., if their respective time stamps both fall in the sametime slot). Otherwise stated, the initial device ID group formationsub-module 408 may make a preliminary determination that the first-typedevice ID and the second-type device ID with matching network addressesand time slots identify the same user device 110. In response to makingthe preliminary determination, the initial device ID group formationsub-module 408 may group the first-type device ID and the second-typedevice ID together in a preliminary device ID group that is associatedwith a particular network address and a particular time slot.

A time slot (or time window or time interval) may be any duration oftime. An example time slot may be one hour, although other amounts oftime for a time slot may be possible. In general, there may be tradeoffsbetween usage of a particular user device 110 and the number of userdevices 110 addressed with the same IP address when choosing theduration of the time slot. Increasing the size of the time slot mayincrease the chance that a particular user device 110 will communicateover the network 122 using both a web browser and an application, butwill also increase the chance that more than one user device 110 will becommunicating with the network 122 under the same IP address.Conversely, decreasing the size of the time slot may decrease the chancethat a particular user device 110 will communicate over the network 122using both a web browser and an application, but will also decrease thechance that more than one user device 110 will communicate with thenetwork 122 under the same IP address.

After the initial device ID group formation sub-module 402 forms thepreliminary device ID groups, it may send the preliminary device IDgroups to a device ID group filtering sub-module 410, which maydetermine to filter out or discard preliminary device ID groups based onpreliminary device ID groups not meeting additional or further criteria.One additional criteria may be matching operating systems. That is, thedevice ID group filtering module 404 may discard a preliminary device IDgroup is its first-type device ID and second-type device ID areassociated with different operating systems. As an example, if thefirst-type device ID is associated with iOS and the second-type deviceID is associated with Android, then the preliminary device ID groupformed with those first-type and second-type device IDs may bediscarded. Other criteria may include matching operating systemversions, matching device models, and/or whether the associated IPaddress is a general mobile carrier IP address. With respect to thatlast criterion, if the IP address associated with a given preliminarydevice ID group is a general IP address for a mobile carrier/wirelesscommunications service provider (e.g., Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, Sprint,etc.), then the device ID group filtering sub-module 410 may determineto discard or filter out that preliminary device ID group.

Other example configurations for the preliminary device ID groupgeneration module 402 may not use two distinct stages of group formationand filtering. Instead, the device ID linking system 118 may have asingle preliminary device ID group formation stage that considers all ofthe various criteria at once to determine whether to form a preliminarydevice ID group for a given first-type device ID and a given second-typedevice ID. Various ways of forming the preliminary groups based on acertain number of criteria may be possible.

In addition, the preliminary device ID group generation module 402 maybe configured to generate the preliminary device ID groups for apredetermined time period or a predetermined number of time slots. Anexample predetermined time period may be one day (or 24 one-hour timeslots), although other size time periods may be possible. Upongenerating the preliminary device ID groups for the predetermined timeperiod, the preliminary device ID group generation module 402 mayprovide the preliminary device ID groups to the scoring module 404.

The scoring module 404 may include a first scoring sub-module 412 and asecond scoring sub-module 414. The first scoring sub-module 412 may beconfigured to calculate a first or initial score S1 for each of thepreliminary device ID groups. As previously described, two criteria forforming the preliminary device ID groups may be matching IP address andmatching time slot. As such, each first score S1 calculated by the firstscoring sub-module 412 may be for a particular combination of afirst-type device ID and a second-type device ID that is associated witha particular IP address and a particular time slot. In one exampleconfiguration, the first score S1 for a preliminary device ID group of aparticular IP address and a particular time slot may based on thecardinality of the first-type device IDs and the cardinality of thesecond-type device IDs that are associated with the particular IPaddress and the particular time slot. In a particular, example, thefirst score S1 may be the inverse of a product of the cardinalities,which may be represented mathematically as:

$\begin{matrix}{{{S\; 1_{t_{i}}^{{IP}_{j}}( {{{ID}\; 1_{n}},{{ID}\; 2_{k}}} )} = \frac{1}{{N_{t_{i}}^{{IP}_{j}}} \cdot {K_{t_{i}}^{{IP}_{j}}}}},} & (1)\end{matrix}$where S1 _(t) _(j) ^(IP) ^(j) (ID1 _(n), ID2 _(k)) denotes a first scoreS1 for a preliminary device ID group having a particular first-typedevice ID, ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k),associated with a particular IP address IP_(i) and a particular timeslot t₁; where |N_(t) _(i) ^(IP) ^(j) denotes the cardinality of thefirst-type device IDs associated with the particular IP address IP_(j)and the particular time slot t_(j); and where |K_(t) _(i) ^(IP) ^(j)denotes the cardinality of the second-type device IDs associated withthe particular IP address IP_(j) and the particular time slot t_(i).

To briefly illustrate, suppose for a given IP address IP_(j) and a giventime slot t_(i), the device ID information stored in the device IDdatabase 116 indicates three first-type device IDs associated with thegiven IP address IP_(j) and the given time slot t_(i): {ID1 ₁, ID1 ₂,ID1 ₃}, and also indicates two second-type device IDs associated withthe given IP address IP_(i) and the given time slot t_(i): {ID2 ₁, ID₂}.Accordingly, the cardinality of the first-type device IDs for the givenIP address IP_(j) and the given time slot t_(i) is 3, and thecardinality of the second-type device IDs for the given IP addressIP_(j) and the given time slot t_(i) is 2. As such, the first scores S1for each of the preliminary device ID groups associated with the givenIP address IP_(j) and the given time slot t_(i) is ⅙.

Upon generating first scores S1 for each of the preliminary device IDgroups associated with particular IP addresses and particular time slotsover the predetermined time period, the first scoring sub-module 412 mayprovide the first scores S1 to the second scoring sub-module 414. Inresponse, the second scoring sub-module 414 may be configured to combineor aggregate first scores S1 for preliminary device ID groups having thesame particular first-type device ID and the same particular second-typedevice ID over the plurality of time slots within the predetermined timeperiod. To illustrate, using the above example, suppose a particulardevice ID group including a given first-type device ID, e.g., ID1 ₂, anda given second-type device ID, e.g., ID2 ₁, is associated with each ofthree time slots—t₁, t₂, t₃—within a given predetermined time period.Accordingly, the first scoring sub-module 412 may calculate a firstscore for the particular device ID group for each of the three timeslots—S1 ₁(ID1 ₂,ID2 ₁), S1 ₂(ID1 ₂, D2 ₁), S1 ₃(ID1 ₂, ID2 ₁).Subsequently, the second scoring sub-module 414 may calculate a secondscore S2(ID1 ₂,ID2 ₁) based on a combination or an aggregation of thethree first scores S1 ₁(ID1 ₂,ID2 ₁), S1 ₂(ID1 ₂, D2 ₁), S1 ₃(ID1 ₂,ID2₁).

For some example configurations, the second scoring sub-module 414 maybe configured to generate a second score for a particular preliminarydevice ID group using a first approach that sums together the firstscores. In a particular configuration, the second score may be anaverage of the first scores, which may be mathematically represented as:

$\begin{matrix}{{{S\; 2_{T}( {{{ID}\; 1_{n}},{{ID}\; 2_{k}}} )} = {\frac{1}{M}{\sum\limits_{{IP},{t \in T}}{S\; 1_{t_{i}}^{{IP}_{j}}( {{{ID}\; 1_{n}},{{ID}\; 2_{k}}} )}}}},} & (2)\end{matrix}$where S2 _(T)(ID1 _(n),ID2 _(k)) denotes a second score for a particularpreliminary device ID group having a particular first-type device ID,ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), for a givenpredetermined time period T; where

$\sum\limits_{{IP},{t \in T}}{S\; 1_{t_{i}}^{{IP}_{j}}( {{{ID}\; 1_{n}},{{ID}\; 2_{k}}} )}$denotes the sum of all first scores of preliminary device ID groupshaving the same particular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), and the sameparticular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), for all associated IPaddresses, and over all time slots t within the predetermined timeperiod T; and where M is the number of first scores S1 being summed.

A second score S2 may be considered a confidence score in that it isindicative of a level of confidence that a particular first-type deviceID, ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), belongto and/or identify the same user device 110. The above-described firstapproach that sums the first scores together may not factor and/or takeinto account repetition of occurrences. For example, suppose a firstpreliminary device ID group has a first particular first-type device IDand a first particular second-type device ID, denoted as (ID1 _(n1),ID2_(k1)), and suppose that the first preliminary device ID group uniquelyappears on the same IP address on 29 of 30 days of a month. However, onone of the days, an additional first-type device ID appears.Additionally, suppose a second preliminary device ID group has a secondparticular first-type device ID and a second particular second-typedevice ID, denoted as (ID1 _(n2), ID2 _(k2)), and suppose that secondpreliminary device ID group uniquely appears once during the month.Using the first approach, the second scoring sub-module 414 may generatea higher second (confidence) score for the second preliminary device IDgroup than the first preliminary device ID group, which may becounterintuitive or misleading.

In order to factor and/or take into account repetition of occurrence orappearance in the device ID database 116, the second scoring sub-module414 may be configured to calculate second scores using a second approachthat sums logarithms (or logs) of first scores. In a particular exampleconfiguration, the second scoring sub-module 414 may sum natural logs(In) of the first scores, and the second score may be based on theexponential of the summation result. In one example, the second scoringsub-module 414 may calculate the second scores according to thefollowing mathematical equation:

$\begin{matrix}{{S\; 2_{T}( {{{ID}\; 1_{n}},{{ID}\; 2_{k}}} )} = {1 - {\exp\lbrack {{\sum\limits_{{IP},{t \in T}}{\ln( {1 - {{\omega_{t} \cdot \alpha \cdot S}\; 1_{t_{i}}^{{IP}_{j}}( {{{ID}\; 1_{n}},{{ID}\; 2_{k}}} )}} \rbrack}},} }}} & (3)\end{matrix}$where, like equation (2), the summation term

$\sum\limits_{{IP},{t \in T}}$denotes that first scores for preliminary device ID groups having thesame particular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), and the same particularsecond-type device ID, ID2 _(k), for all associated IP addresses, andover all time slots t within the predetermined time period T, are summedtogether. In addition, a first value ω_(t) is a weighting term or factorthat may be used to apply different weighting to certain first scores S1depending on when (i.e., which time slot) their associated preliminarydevice ID groups occur. For some example configurations, the weightingterm ω_(t) may be implemented to allow greater weight to be given tofirst scores associated with time slots identified as “peak” time slotsthat correspond to peak usage times when the chance of multiple devicesbeing used is considered to be at its highest. Additionally, a secondvalue α is a scalar value that may allow for enhanced fine-grain scalingto factor the repetition of occurrence or appearance. A combination of aparticular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), and a particular second-typedevice ID, ID2 _(k), occurring or appearing only once during thepredetermined time period may not have a confidence score greater thanthe second value α. For some example configurations, the weighting valueω_(t) and the scaling value a may both be values within a range of 0 to1, although other values outside this range may be possible.Additionally, the 1s may be included in equation (3) to provide a secondscore indicative of a probability value, where the higher the value ofthe second score the high the confidence level that the associatedfirst-type device ID and second-type device ID identify and/or belong tothe same user device 110. Other ways of calculating the second scoresusing summation of logarithms of the first scores may be possible.

After the second scoring sub-module 414 calculates the second scores S2,it may provide the second scores S2 to the threshold module 406. Thethreshold module 406 may be configured to determine whether a secondscore S2 shows a sufficiently high level of confidence for the thresholdmodule 406 to conclude or confirm that a particular first-type deviceID, ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), identifyand/or belong to the same user device 110. For some exampleconfigurations, the threshold module 406 may make the determination bycomparing a received second score S2 with a threshold. Based on thecomparison, the threshold module 406 may determine whether a particularfirst-type device ID, ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID,ID2 _(k), associated with the second score S2 identify and/or belong tothe same user device 110. How the threshold module 406 makes thedetermination may depend on how the second score S2 is calculated andhow its value corresponds with a confidence level. In some exampleconfigurations, if the second score S2 exceeds the threshold, then thethreshold module 406 may determine that the associated first-type deviceID,ID1 _(n), and the second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), identify and/orbelong to the same user device 110. In other example configurations, thereverse evaluation is performed, such that if the second score S2 isbelow the threshold, then the threshold module 406 may determine thatthe associated first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), and the second-typedevice ID, ID2 _(k), identify and/or belong to the same user device 110.Various ways of comparing a second score S2 with a threshold todetermine whether a particular first-type device ID and a particularsecond-type device ID identify and/or belong to the same user device 110may be possible.

If the threshold module 406 determines that a particular first-typedevice ID, ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k),associated with a given second score S2 qualify as identifying the sameuser device 110, the threshold module 406 may be configured to store theparticular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), and the particularsecond-type device ID, ID2 _(k), as a qualifying device ID group in thedevice ID group database 120. Various ways of storing qualifyingfirst-type and second-type device IDs may be possible. In general, thedevice ID group database 120 may be configured to link a particularfirst-type device ID, ID1 _(n) with a particular second-type device ID,ID2 _(k) such that when one of the particular first-type device ID, ID1_(n), or the second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), is known, the other onecan be obtained or identified by accessing and/or performing a lookup inthe device ID group database 120. In some example configurations, thethreshold module 406 may be configured to generate a unique device IDthat associates a particular first-type device ID,ID1 _(n), with aparticular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), and that uniquely identifiesa particular user device 110, although other ways of linking aparticular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), with a particular second-typedevice ID, ID2 _(k), in the device ID group database 120 may bepossible.

FIG. 5 shows components of an electronic system, such as of theelectronic system 100, that may use the qualifying device ID groupinformation in the device ID group database 120 for targeted orpersonalized network-based content serving, such as targeted orpersonalized advertising. One of the components in FIG. 5 may be a userprofile management module 502, which may be a component of the analyticsserver 114 or an ad server 106 of FIG. 1, or another server or computingdevice of the electronic system 100. In general, the user profilemanagement module 502 may collect information about users of the userdevices, such as age, gender, demographics, interests, Internet browsinghistory, and download history, as non-limiting examples. In addition,the user profile management module 502 may be configured to build userprofiles for identified users that includes the collected userinformation. Additionally, the user profile management module 502 may beconfigured to manage, maintain, and/or update the user profiles. Theuser profile management module 502 may be configured to store the userprofiles in a user profile database 504.

The user profile management module 502 may be configured to include orlink a particular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), or a particularsecond-type device ID, ID2 _(k), with a user profile. For example,information relating to browser history or application usage history maybe collected from information requests sent by web browser modules 302and application modules 304 of user devices 110, as previously describedwith reference to FIG. 3. First-type and second-type device IDsassociated with the information may be included or linked with theinformation from the requests that is added to the use profiles.Additionally, the user profile management module 502 may be able to usethe first-type device ID and the second-type device ID in order toidentify a particular user profile for which to add information.

As shown in FIG. 5, the user profile management module 502 may be incommunication with a content server 506 that is configured to sendselected content over the network 122 for display on user devices 110.An example content server 506 may be a publisher server 102 or an adserver 106. The content server 506 may receive a content request forcontent to be displayed on a user device 110. (If the request is for anadvertisement, then content request may be considered an ad request).The content request may include user information associated with theuser device 110 on which the content is to be displayed. In some examplesituations, the user information may include a first-type device ID or asecond-type device ID. In response to receipt, the content server 506may communicate with the user management module 502 to identify a userprofile in order to identify information about the user. Doing so mayassist the content server 506 in selecting particular content from acontent database 508 that may be of interest to the user. An examplecontent database may be a publisher database 104 or an ad database 108.In general, content may be any advertisement or non-advertisementcontent to be displayed on a user device 110 in response to a requestreceived by the content server 506 from over the network 122. Thecontent database 506 may store various content, and the content server506 may be configured to access the content database 506 to selectparticular content pursuant to the request.

In some example configurations, without being able to know whether ornot a particular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n), is linked with aparticular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), the user profile managementmodule 502 may be configured to generate multiple, disconnected userprofiles for a single user device 110, one for the particular first-typedevice ID,ID1 _(n), and a second for the particular second-type deviceID, ID2 _(k). In addition or alternatively, if at a given point in time,the user profile management module 502 had only linked one device ID toa given user profile, if the content server 506 then receives a contentrequest that includes the other device ID, the content server 506 maynot be able to leverage the information in the user profile whenselecting particular content since the two device IDs will not have beenassociated with each other. In other words, the content server 506 maybelieve that the device ID it received is for a new user device 110, andnot one for which it already has available user information.

In the configuration shown in FIG. 5, the user profile module 502 may beconfigured to access the device ID group database 120 to identify linkedfirst-type and second-type device IDs, and in response to the access,build and/or update user profiles. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, eachof the user profiles 510 and 512 are shown to include, be associatedwith, and/or linked to a first-type device ID and a second-type deviceID. Additionally, if prior to accessing the device ID group database120, if the user profile management module 502 created two userprofiles, one for a first-type device ID and a second for a second-typedevice ID, then upon identifying the link, the user profile managementmodule 502 may be configured to combine the two user profiles, as shownwith the user profile 512. After identifying a link between a first-typedevice ID and a second-type device ID through access of the device IDgroup database 120, the user profile management module 502 may beconfigured to update a given user profile by receipt of user informationassociated with either the first-type device ID or the second-typedevice ID. In this way, building of user profiles performed by the userprofile management module 502 may be improved since it is able toleverage two device IDs instead of one. Additionally, the selection andcorresponding serving of the selected content may be improved since thecontent server 506 may be able to select particular content among aplurality of different content using information from a user profile itmay not otherwise have had access to if the user profile managementmodule 502 had not identified a link between a first-type device ID anda second-type device ID.

FIG. 6 shows another example system 600 that may use the linkedfirst-type and second-type device ID information included in the deviceID group database 120 to perform visitor counts. In particular, thesystem 600 may include a visitor counter module 602 that is configuredto count visitors to a website, a webpage, or other similar networklocation. In addition or alternatively, the visitor counter module 602may be configured to count the number of times a single, or uniquevisitor has visited a network location. The visitor counter module 602may be configured to store one or more visitor counts in a visitor countdatabase 604.

The visitor counter module 602 may be configured to receive visitorinformation to network locations, such as a result of informationrequests made by web browser modules 302 and application modules 304 ofuser devices 110, which include first-type device IDs or second-typedevice IDs. Without knowing whether a particular first-type device ID,ID1 _(n), and a particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), belong toand/or identify the same user device 110, the visitor counter module 602may operate to identify the particular first-type device ID, ID1 _(n),and the particular second-type device ID, ID2 _(k), as being differentvisitors. As a result, the visitor counter module 602 may undesirablyover-count a total number of actual, unique visitors to a particularnetwork location, and/or may under-count the number of times a singleuser has visited a particular network location.

Conversely, the visitor counter module 602 shown in FIG. 6 may beconfigured to access the device ID group database 120 to more accuratelyidentify a visitor count. For example, when the visitor counter module602 receives visitor information including a device ID of one of thetypes, the visitor counter module 602 may access the device ID groupdatabase 120 to see if a user device 110 associated with that device IDhas previously visited the network location, either under the device IDof that same type, or under a device ID of the other type. By being ableto link the two types of device IDs, the visitor counter module 602 maybe able to determine that a particular user already visited the networklocation using a different device ID and correctly not update a totalvisitor count stored in the visitor count database 604. In addition oralternatively, the visitor counter module 602 may be able to determinethat a particular user previously visited the network location under adifferent device ID, and correctly update a visitor count for thatparticular user stored in the visitor count database 604 and not avisitor count for a new or different user.

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an example method 700 of assessing whether afirst-type device ID and a second-type device ID identify a same userdevice, such as a user device 110 of FIG. 1. At block 702, a controllerof a computing device (e.g., a controller of one of the computingdevices of the electronic system 100 and/or implementing the modules ofFIG. 4) may be configured to access a device ID database (e.g., thedevice ID database 116 of FIG. 1) to obtain device ID informationassociated with a predetermined time period. The device ID informationmay include first-type device IDs and second-type device IDs, each withand/or indicating associated device information and time information,such as a time stamp, a network address, an operating system, anoperating system version, and/or a device model.

At block 704, the controller may form preliminary device ID groups, witheach group including a first-type device ID and a second-type device ID.The controller may form the groups based on one or more criteria. Forexample, the controller may decide to group together a first-type deviceID and a second-type device ID if their time stamps fall in the sametime slot and if their network addresses match. In addition, for someexample methods, the controller may decide to group together afirst-type device ID and a second type device ID if their associatedinformation does not provide an indication that they are associated withdifferent devices, such as the information does not indicate that theyare associated with different operating systems, different operationsystem versions, and/or different device models, as non-limitingexamples. In addition or alternatively, the controller may decide not togroup together a first-type device ID and a second-type device ID iftheir associated network address is a mobile carrier network address.

At block 706, after the preliminary device ID groups are formed, thecontroller may calculate first scores for each of the preliminary deviceID groups. As a result of forming the preliminary device ID groups atblock 704 based on the one or more criteria, each of the preliminarydevice ID groups may be associated with one of a plurality of time slotswithin the predetermined time period. At block 706, for some examplemethods, a first score for a given preliminary device ID group may bebased on a cardinality of the first-type device IDs and a cardinality ofthe second-type device IDs for the time slot associated with the givenpreliminary device ID group, such as according to equation (1) above.

At block 708, after the first scores are calculated, the controller maycalculate second scores for the preliminary device ID groups. A singlesecond score may be generated for one or more preliminary device IDgroups that have the same first-type device ID and the same second-typedevice ID, across one or network addresses and over the time slotswithin the predetermined time period. For some example methods, thecontroller may calculate a second score by summing and/or taking anaverage of the first scores of the preliminary device ID groups forwhich a single second score is to be calculated, such as according toequation (2) above. For other example methods, the controller maycalculate a second score by summing natural logarithms of the firstscores of the preliminary device ID groups for which a single secondscore is to be calculated, and then calculating an exponential of thenatural log summation, such as according to equation (3) above. For someof these methods, a weighting factor may be used in the summation toweight certain first scores based on the time slots in which they occur.In addition or alternatively, a scaling factor may be used in thesummation to provide finer granularity for repeated occurrence orappearance of preliminary device ID groups having the same first-typedevice ID and second-type device ID.

At block 710, the controller may assess whether a particular first-typedevice ID and a particular second-type device ID associated with asecond score qualify as identifying and/or belonging to the same userdevice. The controller may do so for each group of first-type device IDand second-type device ID associated with a second score. In addition,the controller may do so by comparing the second score with a threshold.Based on the comparison, the controller may determine whether there is asufficient amount of confidence for the controller to conclude that theparticular first-type device ID and the particular second-type device IDbelong to and/or identify the same user device.

At block 712, the controller may store, in a device ID group database,each qualifying group of first-type device ID and second-type device IDthat is associated with a second score indicating a sufficient amount ofconfidence based on the comparisons performed at block 710. Eachqualifying group in the device ID group database may link its particularfirst-type device IDs and second-type device IDs such that a device withone of the first-type device ID or the second-type device ID may accessthe device ID group database to identify the other first-type device IDor the second-type device with which the first one is linked.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of an example method 800 of managing userprofiles. At block 802, a controller, such as a controller that includesthe user profile management module 502 of FIG. 5, may access a device IDgroup database (e.g., the device ID group database 120 of FIGS. 1 and4), to identify a link between a particular first-type device ID and aparticular second-type device ID. At block 804, the controller mayidentify a first user profile associated with the particular first-typedevice ID and a second user profile associated with the particularsecond-type device ID. At block 806, based on the link identified atblock 802 and the identification of the first and second user profilesmade at block 804, the controller may combine the first user profilewith the second user profile to form a combined user profile associatedwith both the particular first-type device ID and the particularsecond-type device ID. At block 808, the controller may receive userinformation associated with either the particular first-type device IDor the particular second-type device ID. At block 810, the controllermay update the combined user profile with the user information receivedat block 808.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart of another example method 900 of managing userprofiles. At block 902, a controller, such as a controller that includesthe user profile management module 502 of FIG. 5, may receive userinformation including a first-type device ID. At block 904, thecontroller may identify that it does not have a user profile associatedwith the first-type device ID. At block 906, the controller may access adevice ID group database (e.g., the device ID group database 120 ofFIGS. 1 and 4), and identify that the first-type device ID is linked toa second-type device ID. At block 908, the controller may identify auser profile associated with the second-type device ID and link thefirst-type device ID to that user profile. At block 910, the controllermay update the user profile with the user information received at block902.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of an example method 1000 of transmittingselected or personalized content for display on a user device, such asone of the user device 110 of FIG. 1. The method 1000 may be performedwith a content server, such as the content server 506 of FIG. 5. Atblock 1002, the content server may receive a content request from over anetwork. The content request may be a request for the content server toselect particular content from a content database (e.g., the contentdatabase 508 of FIG. 5). In addition, the content request may include areceived device ID, which may be of a first type or of a second-type.

At block 1004, the controller may identify a user profile associatedwith the received device ID, and identify user information included inthe user profile to assist the controller is selecting particularcontent. The user profile may be associated with the received device IDand also a second device ID of a different type than the type of thereceived device ID. In some example methods, the user informationincluded in the user profile that the controller identifies may havebeen added to the user profile due to having been associated with thesecond device ID when received or otherwise identified by a computingdevice that created and managed the user profile. In addition oralternatively, the user information may have been added to the userprofile before the device ID matching the one that the controllerreceived at block 1002 was linked to the second device Id and the userprofile.

At block 1006, the content server may select particular content from thecontent database based on the user information identified at block 1004.At block 1008, the content server may transmit the selected content overthe network for display on the user device. In some examples, the methodmay include the receipt and display of the selected content on a displayscreen of the user device.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart of an example method 1100 of counting a totalnumber of different visitors to a network location. The method may beperformed with a controller of a computing device, such as oneimplementing the visitor counter module 602 of FIG. 6. At block 1102,the controller may receive visitor information identifying that avisitor, such as a user of a user device 110, visited a networklocation, such as a website or a webpage. The visitor information mayinclude a received device ID of a first-type or a second-type. At block1104, the controller may access a device ID group database (e.g., thedevice ID group database 120 of FIGS. 1 and 4), and apply the receiveddevice ID included in the visitor information to the device ID groupdatabase. At block 1106, based on the application, the controller maydetermine whether a user device associated with the received device IDor a second device ID linked to the received device ID in the device IDgroup database previously visited the network location. If so, then atblock 1108, the controller may determine that the user associated withthe visitor information received at block 1102 already visited thenetwork location, and determine not to update a total visitor count ofthe network location stored in a visitor count database (e.g., thevisitor count database 604 of FIG. 6). If not, then at block 1110, thecontroller may determine that the user associated with the visitorinformation received at block 1104 is a new visitor to the networklocation, and update the total visitor count of the network locationstored in the visitor count database.

FIG. 12 is a flow chart of an example method 1200 of counting a numberof times a visitor has visited a network location. The method may beperformed with a controller of a computing device, such as oneimplementing the visitor counter module 602 of FIG. 6. At block 1202,the controller may receive visitor information identifying that avisitor, such as a user of a user device 110, visited a networklocation, such as a website or a webpage. The visitor information mayinclude a first device ID of a first-type or a second-type. At block1204, the controller may update a visitor count associated with thefirst device ID that is stored in a visitor count database (e.g, thevisitor count database 604 of FIG. 6). The visitor count may also beassociated with a second device ID of a different type than the firstdevice ID, and that is linked to the first device ID in a device IDgroup database (e.g., the device ID group database 120 of FIGS. 1 and4). In some example methods, the controller may have determined toassociate both the first device ID and the second device ID with thesame visitor count by accessing or otherwise using the information inthe device ID group database. At block 1206, the controller may receivevisitor information that includes the second device ID. At block 1208,the controller may update the visitor account associated with both thefirst device ID and the second device ID.

Other methods that can be performed may include a combination of some orall of the methods described with reference to FIGS. 7-12. For example,the actions performed in the methods 700 and 800 of FIGS. 7 and 8, inthe methods of 700 and 900 of FIGS. 7 and 9, and/or in the methods of700, 800, and 900 may be combined for other or additional methods ofcreating and/or managing user profiles. As another example, the actionsperformed in the methods of 700 and 1000 of FIGS. 7 and 10, and/or insome combination of the methods of 700, 800, 900, and 1000 of FIGS. 7-10may be combined for other or additional methods of selecting and/ortransmitting selected content. As still another example, the actionsperformed in the methods of 700 and 1100 of FIGS. 7 and 11, in themethods of 700 and 1200, or in some combination of the methods of 700,1100, and 1200 may be combined for other or additional methods ofmanaging visitor counts. Still other methods may combine all of thedescribed methods together. Various combinations of the actionsperformed in FIGS. 7-12, in addition to the actions performed by thesystem, device, database, and module components described with referenceto FIGS. 1-6, may be formed.

Additionally, although the present description describes ways ofdetermining if multiple device IDs identify the same user device for twotypes of device IDs, the present description is not limited to only twotypes of device IDs, and similar operations may be performed to formgroups of three or more types of device IDs, and determine whether suchgroups identify and/or belong to the same user device. Also, the presentdescription is not limited to device IDs only associated with webbrowsers and applications, and similar operations may be performed withother types of device IDs in order to determine whether such device IDsidentify and/or belong to the same user device. In addition, the presentdescription is not limited to identifying only user devices, but is alsoapplicable to identification of other devices, such as servers or othercomputing devices, for which it may be desirable to identify a singlephysical device using multiple device IDs.

It is intended that the foregoing detailed description be understood asan illustration of selected forms that the invention can take and not asa definition of the invention. It is only the following claims,including all equivalents, which are intended to define the scope of theclaimed invention. Finally, it should be noted that any aspect of any ofthe preferred embodiments described herein can be used alone or incombination with one another.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic system comprising: a memorycomprising a device identification (ID) group database; and a hardwareprocessor configured to: preliminarily determine that a first-typedevice ID and a second-type device ID identify a same device; group thefirst-type device ID and the second-type device ID into a device IDgroup in response to the preliminary determination; calculate a scorefor the device ID group, comprising the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID, based on one or more cardinalities associatedwith one or more device IDs in the device ID group; confirm that thefirst-type device ID in the device ID group and the second-type deviceID in the device ID group both identify the same device based on thescore for the device ID group comprising the first-type device ID andthe second-type device ID; and store the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID as linked together in the device ID group databasein response to the confirmation.
 2. The electronic system of claim 1,wherein the preliminarily determining that the first-type device ID andthe second-type device ID identify the same device is based on adetermination that the first-type device ID and the second-type deviceID are both associated with a same network address.
 3. The electronicsystem of claim 2, wherein the same network address comprises anInternet Protocol (IP) address.
 4. The electronic system of claim 1,wherein the preliminarily determining that the first-type device ID andthe second-type device ID identify the same device is based on adetermination that the first-type device ID and the second-type deviceID are both associated with a same time slot.
 5. The electronic systemof claim 1, wherein the hardware processor is further configured tocalculate a summation of a plurality of initial scores for the device IDgroup to determine the score.
 6. The electronic system of claim 1,wherein the hardware processor is further configured to, in order todetermine the score: calculate a plurality of logarithmic valuesassociated with the device ID group; and sum together the plurality oflogarithmic values.
 7. The electronic system of claim 6, wherein theplurality of logarithmic values are each further based on a weightingfactor corresponding to a time slot of a respective one of a pluralityof initial scores for the device ID group.
 8. The electronic system ofclaim 1, wherein the hardware processor is further configured to:determine first cardinalities of first-type device IDs and secondcardinalities of second-type device IDs, each of the first cardinalitiesand each of the second cardinalities corresponding to one of a pluralityof time slots associated with the device ID group, wherein a pluralityof initial scores for the device ID group are determined based on thefirst cardinalities and the second cardinalities.
 9. The electronicsystem of claim 1, wherein the hardware processor is further configuredto, in response to the confirmation that the first-type device ID andthe second-type device ID both identify the same device, link thesecond-type device ID with a user profile of a user of the same device,wherein the user profile was already linked to the first-type device IDprior to the confirmation.
 10. The electronic system of claim 9, whereinafter the linking, the hardware processor is further configured to: inresponse to receipt of user information associated with the second-typedevice ID: identify the user information as being associated with theuser; and add the user information to the user profile.
 11. Theelectronic system of claim 9, wherein the user profile comprises a firstuser profile, and wherein the hardware processor is further configuredto combine a second user profile associated with the second-type deviceID with the first user profile to form an aggregated user profile forthe user of the same device in response to the linking.
 12. Theelectronic system of claim 9, further comprising: a content serverconfigured to: after the linking, receive a content request identifyinguser information associated with the second-type device ID; and selectcontent for sending to the same device, wherein the selection is basedon user information that was initially added to the user profile priorto the linking.
 13. The electronic system of claim 1, wherein thehardware processor is further configured to: receive visitor informationindicating a user visited a network location, the visitor informationidentifying at least one of the first-type device ID or the second-typedevice ID; in response to receipt of the visitor information, apply atleast one of the first-type device ID or the second-type device ID tothe device ID group database; and update a visitor count based on thelink between the first-type device ID and the second-type device ID inthe device ID group database.
 14. The electronic system of claim 1,wherein the first-type device ID is associated with at least one of aweb browser or an application, and the second-type device ID isassociated with at least one of a second web browser or a secondapplication, at least one the web browser or the application and atleast one of the second web browser or the second application beingconfigured to run on the same device.
 15. A method comprising: groupinga first-type device identification (ID) and a second-type device ID intoa device ID group based on one or more criteria; calculating a score forthe device ID group comprising the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID; confirming that the first-type device ID in thedevice ID group and the second-type device ID in the device ID groupboth identify a same device based on the score for the device ID groupcomprising the first-type device ID and the second-type device ID; inresponse to the confirmation that the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID both identify the same device, linking thesecond-type device ID with a user profile of a user of the same device,wherein the user profile was already linked to the first-type device IDprior to the confirmation; and storing the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID as linked together in a device ID group databasein response to the confirmation.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein theone or more criteria comprises a determination that the first-typedevice ID and the second-type device ID are both associated with a samenetwork address.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or morecriteria comprises a determination that the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID are both associated with a same time slot.
 18. Anon-transitory computer readable storage medium comprising instructionsthat, when executed by a hardware processor, implement operationscomprising: receiving visitor information indicating a user visited anetwork location, the visitor information identifying at least one of afirst-type device identification (ID) or a second-type device ID; inresponse to receipt of the visitor information, applying at least one ofthe first-type device ID or the second-type device ID to a device IDgroup database; grouping the first-type device ID and the second-typedevice ID into a device ID group; calculating a score for the device IDgroup comprising the first-type device ID and the second-type device ID;confirming that the first-type device ID in the device ID group and thesecond-type device ID in the device ID group both identify a same devicebased on the score for the device ID group comprising the first-typedevice ID and the second-type device ID; storing the first-type deviceID and the second-type device ID as linked together in the device IDgroup database in response to the confirmation; and updating a visitorcount based on the link between the first-type device ID and thesecond-type device ID in the device ID group database.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 18, wherein thegrouping is responsive to determining that the first-type device ID andthe second-type device ID are both associated with a same networkaddress.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium ofclaim 18, wherein the grouping is responsive to determining that thefirst-type device ID and the second-type device ID are both associatedwith a same time slot.